The big topics of this chapter include HSRP, VRRP, GLBP, TCAM and the port error table. I broke out my notes from the BCMSN and I’ll summarize each topic from them, then move into the troubleshooting of each protocol.
Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP)
Cisco proprietary protocol to allow multiple routers to appear as a single gateway IP address. EAch router is assigned to a common HSRP group one active router and one standby router, the others, up to 16 group members, just listen. There is no preemption without configuration.
Troubleshoot
sh standby …
sh standby delay
sh standby
DSW1#sh standby Vlan10 - Group 10 State is Active Virtual IP address is 10.2.1.254 Active virtual MAC address is 0000.0c07.ac0a Local virtual MAC address is 0000.0c07.ac0a (v1 default) Hello time 3 sec, hold time 10 sec Next hello sent in 0.704 secs Preemption enabled Active router is local Standby router is 10.2.1.2, priority 100 (expires in 10.480 sec) Priority 200 (configured 200) Group name is "hsrp-Vl10-10" (default)
sh standby br
DSW1#sh standby br P indicates configured to preempt. | Interface Grp Pri P State Active Standby Virtual IP Vl10 10 200 P Active local 10.2.1.2 10.2.1.254
sh standby delay
DSW1#sh standby delay Interface Minimum Reload Vlan10 1 5
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)
VRRP is on open protocol that provides redundancy for the real IP address of a router or the virtual address of a group. By default all VRRP routers are configured to preempt the current master if their priority is greater.
Troubleshoot
sh vrrp
sh vrrp brief
sh vrrp
R7#sh vrrp FastEthernet0/0 - Group 1 "Just playing" State is Master Virtual IP address is 10.2.1.253 Virtual MAC address is 0000.5e00.0101 Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec Preemption enabled Priority is 200 Master Router is 10.2.1.247 (local), priority is 200 Master Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec Master Down interval is 3.218 sec
sh vrrp brie
R8#sh vrrp br Interface Grp Pri Time Own Pre State Master addr Group addr Fa0/0 1 150 3414 Y Backup 10.2.1.247 10.2.1.253
Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP)
Cisco proprietary protocol that is more robust than other redundancy protocols. When a client sends an ARP request looking for the router address, GLBP send back a reply with the virtual MAC supported by one of the routers in the GLBP group.
Troubleshoot:
sh glbp [brief]
sh glbp
R8(config-if)#do sh glbp FastEthernet0/0 - Group 1 State is Active 2 state changes, last state change 00:03:58 Virtual IP address is 10.2.1.252 Hello time 3 sec, hold time 10 sec Next hello sent in 1.776 secs Redirect time 600 sec, forwarder time-out 14400 sec Preemption enabled, min delay 0 sec Active is local Standby is 10.2.1.247, priority 150 (expires in 7.744 sec) Priority 200 (configured) Weighting 100 (default 100), thresholds: lower 1, upper 100 Load balancing: round-robin Group members: 0004.dd69.fd01 (10.2.1.248) local 00d0.bbef.64c1 (10.2.1.247) There are 2 forwarders (1 active) Forwarder 1 State is Active 1 state change, last state change 00:03:48 MAC address is 0007.b400.0101 (default) Owner ID is 0004.dd69.fd01 Redirection enabled Preemption enabled, min delay 30 sec Active is local, weighting 100 Forwarder 2 State is Listen MAC address is 0007.b400.0102 (learnt) Owner ID is 00d0.bbef.64c1 Redirection enabled, 597.584 sec remaining (maximum 600 sec) Time to live: 14397.584 sec (maximum 14400 sec) Preemption enabled, min delay 30 sec Active is 10.2.1.247 (primary), weighting 100 (expires in 7.584 sec)
Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM):
TCAM works with CEF to make extremely fast forwarding decisions. TCAM entries are composed of Value, Mask and Result combinations.
When the TCAM cannot process the packet it is punted to the CPU for processing. Here are some reasons why a packet is punted:
Troubleshoot TCAM:
3550:
show tcam
3560:
show platform tcam
show platform ip unicast counts
3550#sh tcam inacl 1 statistics
3550#sh tcam inacl 1 statistics Ingress ACL TCAM#1: Number of active labels: 3 Ingress ACL TCAM#1: Number of masks allocated: 14, available: 194 Ingress ACL TCAM#1: Number of entries allocated: 17, available: 1647
3560#sh platform tcam utilization
3560#sh platform tcam utilization CAM Utilization for ASIC# 0 Max Used Masks/Values Masks/values Unicast mac addresses: 544/4352 25/76 IPv4 IGMP groups + multicast routes: 144/1152 6/26 IPv4 unicast directly-connected routes: 544/4352 25/76 IPv4 unicast indirectly-connected routes: 176/1408 15/69 IPv6 Multicast groups: 544/4352 25/76 IPv6 unicast directly-connected routes: 544/4352 25/76 IPv6 unicast indirectly-connected routes: 262/2096 11/42 IPv4 policy based routing aces: 256/256 2/2 IPv4 qos aces: 768/768 324/324 IPv4 security aces: 512/512 27/27 IPv6 policy based routing aces: 0/0 0/0 IPv6 qos aces: 0/0 0/0 IPv6 security aces: 204/510 5/5 Note: Allocation of TCAM entries per feature uses a complex algorithm. The above information is meant to provide an abstract view of the current TCAM utilization
Port Error Table:
Error | Description | Cause |
Xmit-Err | Transmit buffer overlflow | Check for speed mismatch. |
Rcv-Err | Receive buffer overflow | Check for duplex mismatch. |
UnderSize | Has valid checksum but less than 64 bytes. | Host is sending invalid frames. |
Single-Col | A single collision occurred before the port transmitted the frame. | High bandwidth utilization or duplex mismatch. |
Multi-Col | Multiple collisions occur before the port transmitted the frame. | High bandwidth utilization or duplex mismatch. |
Late-Col | Collision detected further into frame being forwarded. | Cable too long or duplex mismatch. |
Excess-Col | Frame has experienced sixteen successive collisions, resulting in the frame being dropped. | High bandwidth, duplex mismatch or too many devices on a segment. |
Carri-Sen | Normal operation on a half-duplex link. | This is not a problem. |
Runts | Frames smaller than 64 bytes with a bad CRC. | Duplex mismatch or layer 1 problem. |
Giants | Frame size greater than 1518 bytes with a bad FCS. | Bad host NIC. |
Source: TSHOOT p.125