April 11, 2011
June 18, 2011
May 30, 2011
May 30, 2011
Chapter 15 & 16
Organizational Costs
Organizational costs are costs incurred to set up a business; such costs include legal fees and promoter’s fees.
Organizational costs are an intangible asset, where half of the costs may be expensed for tax purposes at a 10% declining-balance method.
The journal entry for organizational costs is:
Organizational Costs XX
Cash XX
Financial Statements for a Corporation
Income tax expense occurs in a corporation where net income means income after tax.
Statement of retained earnings replaces statement of owner’s equity in a proprietorship
It measures changes that result from net income, which increases retained earnings, and dividends, which decreases retained earnings.
Shareholder’s equity in a corporation is divided into share capital and retained earnings. Total shareholder’s equity is the sum of the two.
Investments
Shares are issued in exchange for cash and in this case the journal entry is:
Cash XX
Common Shares XX
Other assets can also be exchanges for common shares and the journal entry is:
Asset (cash, land, building, etc) XX
Common Shares XX
Preferred Shares
Preferred shares are another class of corporate shares and often include a preference of payment of dividends and distribution of assets in liquidation.
Different types of preferred shares are:
Cumulative preferred shares– entitle preferred shareholders to receive all their past as well as current dividends before the common shareholders may receive any dividends.
Non-cumulative preferred shares– entitle preferred shareholders to receive only their current dividends if declared and cannot claim any previous dividends which weren’t declared at the time.
Unpaid dividends/Arrears– they appear on the balance sheet when declared, but one must place a footnote to disclose the amounts.
Participating preferred shares– entitle the preferred shareholder to additional dividends including their stated amount
Convertible preferred shares– allow one to exchange preferred shares for a fixed number of common shares
Journal entry for issuing preferred shares is:
Cash XX
Preferred Shares XX
Dividends
Dividends are a distribution of earning and they decrease retained earnings as one pays dividends with cash from retained earnings.
There are three important dates that affect dividends:
Date of declaration-record the dividend as a liability
Date of record-nothing is recorded
Date of payment-record payment to shareholders
There are two methods when it comes to paying dividends which are:
Method 1
1. Retained Earnings XX
Common Dividends Payable XX
2. Common Dividends Payable XX
Cash XX
Method 2
Common Dividends Payable XX
Cash XX
Cash Dividends Declared XX
Preferred Dividends– a fixed amount that must be paid before the common shareholder receives dividends. It is used as leverage for the common shareholders. It is a way to raise capital and one doesn’t lose control. The preferred shareholder earns a fixed return and any excess in profits is considered a return for common shareholders.
The journal entry for preferred dividends is:
1. Retained Earnings XX
Preferred Dividends Payable XX
2. Preferred Dividends Payable XX
Cash XX
Shock Dividends– A corporation distributes additional shares from its own stock to shareholders and they do not receive any payment for doing so. This transfers a portion of equity from retained earnings into contributed capital. This increases retained earnings.
This is done to keep the market price of stock affordable and conserves cash for the expansion of a business. It also provides evidence for management that a company is doing well.
The journal entry for declaring and distributing stock dividends is:
1. Retained Earning XX
Common Share Dividends Distributable XX
2. Common Share Dividends Distributable XX
Common Shares XX
Stock Splits
Distributing additional stock to shareholders according to their percentage ownership and calling in outstanding shares and replacing them with more than one new share for each old share is a stock split. There are no journal entries and only affect the shareholder’s equity as the number of shares increases or can decrease if it was a reverse stock split, which reduces the number of shares.
Repurchase of Shares
Corporations may choose to repurchase shares that may have retired or been cancelled from its outstanding share capital.
Nothing is gained on repurchasing shares, but Contributed Capital from Retirement of Common Shares may remain is shares are retired for less than the average of the issue price.
Retained earnings decreases when retired shares are retired for more than the average issue price.
The journal entry for repurchasing shares that were retired for more than the average issue price is:
Common Shares XX
Retained Earnings XX
Cash XX
If there is a balance in Contributed Capital from Retirement of Common Shares, then this account is used for the extent of its balance.
The journal entry is:
Common Shares XX
Contributed Capital from Retirement of Common Shares XX
Common Shares XX
Earnings per Share
The formula for basic earnings per share is:
Basic earnings per share = (Net income-preferred dividends) / Weighted average of outstanding common shares
By: Niesanthan, Kuzie, Deep, Chris, Hanaga, Kojana
May 19, 2011
May 18, 2011
It depends on the ratio. Some ratios it makes sense to analyze together (current and quick ratios). Some ratios show the same information in different ways (debt and equity ratios). For these ratios, you can combine them on the same graph. Be careful that the axis are the same for both graphs. For instance, the A/R Turnover ratio and the Days Sales Uncollected are closely related but are not measured in the same units – one is a ratio and one is in days. They could be combined but you would need a left and right axis.
Where it makes sense, yes. Debt and equity ratios are inverses of each other and can be discussed at the same time. The idea is to be clear and detailed but not repetitive. If you find yourself repeating the same points, you could combine the analyses.
As many pages as needed but no more so. Quality not quantity! Use the exemplars as a guide.
You must do all that apply to your company. If you are a service company you don’t have inventory and so you don’t have an inventory turnover ratio or a day’s sales in inventory.
Current Assets Above Inventory… This is simply the total of all assets listed above inventory on the balance sheet. If you don’t have inventory, ask me in class what assets to look at.
Average Inventory… take the current inventory, the previous year’s inventory and average the two.
Net Sales on Credit… Use total sales or total revenue
Cost of Goods Sold… Find the closest expense (it may be total operating expenses) and make a note in your analysis that you couldn’t find the COGS number and explain what that means for your analysis.
Here is another copy.
Below are examples of a ratio analysis at each level of performance.
Below Level 1 (Less than passing) |
 The ratio is increasing. |
Level 1 (50%) |
| The ratio is increasing. This is a favourable trend for the company. |
Level 2 (60%) |
 The accounts receivable turnover ratio shows how many times the company collects its accounts receivable during the year. Corus Entertainment’s ratio has increased over the past three years. This is a positive development for the company.
|
Level 3 (70%) |
 The accounts receivable turnover ratio shows how many times the company collects its accounts receivable during the year. A higher ratio is preferable as it means the company is turning its accounts receivable into cash more often during the period. Corus Entertainment’s ratio has increased over the past three years. This is a positive development for the company. In 2006, Corus will collect its accounts receivable 4.8 times during the year.
|
Level 4 (80% to 100%) |
|
The accounts receivable turnover ratio shows how many times the company collects its accounts receivable during the year. A higher ratio is preferable as it means the company is turning its accounts receivable into cash more often during the period.
Corus Entertainment’s ratio has increased over the past three years. This is a positive development for the company. In 2006, Corus will collect its accounts receivable 4.8 times during the year.
The increase is due to growing sales and declining accounts receivable. Both of these are favourable occurrences as they are selling more services and receiving more cash for those services allowing for better cash flow.
|
May 16, 2011
Textbook questions:
May 10, 2011
May 9, 2011
Capital Assets
Amortization
Partial Year Amortization:
Revising Amortization Rates
Disposal of Capital Assets
Journalizing Steps
Apr 17 Accumulated amortization, machine 2000
Machine 2000
To record disposal of asset.
Jul 1 Amortization expense, machine 500
Accumulated amortization, machine 500
To record amortization.
Jul 1 Accumulated amortization, machine 6500
Loss of disposal 1500
Machine 8000
To record the disposal of machine.
Selling Capital Assets
Apr 1 Amortization expense, equipment 1000
Accumulated amortization, equipment 1000
To record amortization.
Apr 1 Cash 7000
Accumulated amortization, equipment 13000
Equipment 16000
Gain of disposal 4000
To record disposal of equipment.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets serves are rights, privileges and competitive advantage to the owner of these capital assets. Intangible assets as the name suggests has no physical form and are usually acquired for operational use. These assets are also non-current assets, and their useful life is hard to determine due
Examples of Intangible assets:
Amortization for Intangible assets
Patents
Copyright
Goodwill
Grade 12 Accounting 